The History of Civil Engineer

Civil engineering

Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including public works such as roads, bridges, canals, dams, airports, sewerage system, pipelines, structural components of buildings, and railways

Civil engineering is traditionally broken into a number of Sub-disciplines. It is considered the second oldest engineering discipline after military engineering and it is defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering. Civil engineering can take place in the public sector from municipal public works department through the federal government agencies, and in the private sector from locally based firms to global fortune 500 companies

History

Civil engineering as a discipline.

Civil engineering is the applications of physical and scientific for solving the problems of society, and its history is intricately linked to advances in the understanding of physics and mathematics throughout history. Because civil engineering is a broad profession, including several specialized Sub-disciplines. Its history is linked to knowledge of structures, materials science, geography, geology soils, hydrology, environmental, science, mechanics, project management, and other fields, throughout ancient and medieval history most architectural design and construction was carried out by artisans, such as stonemasons and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder Knowledge was retained is guilds and seldom supplanted by advances, structures, roads and infrastructure that existed were repetitive, and increases in scale were incremental. One of the earliest examples of a scientific approach to physical and mathematical problems applicable to civil engineering is the work of Archimedes in the 3^rd century BC, Including Archimedes Principle, which underpins our understanding of buoyancy, and practical solutions such as Archimedes screw. Brahmagupta an in Indian mathematician, used arithmetic in the 7^th century AD, based on Hindu-Arabic numerals for excavation (volume) computations…        

Car safety

 

Car safety

Airbags (SRSs) save lives

The Airbag (SRS, Supplementary Restraint System) is a valuable supplement to the seat belt. Together with the seat belt, the airbag gives extra protection against injuries. Remember, however, a child riding in the front seat can be seriously injured or killed when an airbag comes out in a crash.

An airbag is not a soft, billowy pillow. To do its important job, an airbag comes out of the dashboard faster than the blink of an eye. A passenger must be at least 145 cm tall and be wearing a seat belt to travel safely where there is an airbag.

Accidents involving cyclists

 

Pedestrian crossing accidents

Common causes of pedestrian accidents are as follows:

Not noticing or ignoring the pedestrian on the other side of the crossing

Obstructed view of the driver, perhaps by the doorpost or blind spot of the car

Driving too fast

Neglecting to scan the road

Overtaking a vehicle that had stooped to allow a pedestrian to cross the street

Accidents involving cyclists

The followings are the common causes of the Cyclist-accidents:

Ignoring the cyclist

Misjudgment of the cyclist's speed and intention

Road Accidents

 

       Accident in the nights

           ·          Probable causes of accident in the dark:

           ·          Misjudging the speed and intention

           ·          Driving too fast

           ·          Not considering the limited ability to see in the dark

      Front to rear accidents

           ·          Rear-end collisions when the driver his vehicle too close to the vehicle in front, which causes      a danger to the drive and road users.

           ·          These incidents are common inside the city and usually happened because of suddenly stop of     some vehicles such as taxis or because the driver did not leave a safety distance.

           ·          Rear-end collisions are most common inside the city limits and amongst taxi drivers.

      Motorcycle accidents

      Common causes of accidents involving four-wheel vehicles and Motorcycles are:

           ·          Not seeing the motorcycle because it is smaller and often approaches at unexpected speeds

           ·        Neglecting to watch out for motorcycles creating their own lane between lines of other vehicles

Road Signs Boards (UAE)

 

The Obstruction Rule

 

The Obstruction Rule

In the event of a traffic jam, obstructing a crossroads or walkway is prohibited. This is known as the Obstruction Rule.

The Zipper Principle

Where two roads meet like T-junctions, it makes road sense to apply the zipper principle, where one car from each road moves ahead alternately.

This situation is very common during the rush hour, at road works, in traffic In cities or countries with public transport buses, buses leaving a bus stop have priority inside the city limits.

School Bus Rule

 

You must give way:

  

An obligation to give way requires you to give clear indication of your intention to give way to other vehicles by slowing down or stopping in plenty of time.

You must give way:

At uncontrolled pedestrian crossings where pedestrians have already stepped out or are just about to step on to the crossing.

As you turn onto the road from a parking lot, a gas station, a residential area, a pedestrian way, the hard shoulder or an off-road area.

This is known as the Exit or Entering Rule.

To traffic coming up from the left. Vehicles approaching a junction or crossroads from the left have priority.

This is known as the Left Hand Rule.

To oncoming traffic as you prepare to turn left and to all vehicles using the carriageway you will enter as you make the turn.

This is known as the Turning rule.

As instructed by traffic lights and traffic signs

Note: You must not attempt to pass through the crossing if by so doing you might obstruct, impede or endanger other road users.

Outside city limits

 

Outside city limits

Safety check before setting out

You must be able to carry out a systematic check of your car, taking into account the weather, your destination and the state of the road. The driver's manual will give you advice and instructions.

During the practical training, you will learn how to do a systematic check of your car.

watch your speed and keep your distance.

 

Dealing with the extreme summer weather (Heat and Sunshine) 

Constant sun in your eyes cab be exhausting on a long journey and may well affect your concentration. Even if you do not feel the need, the correct sunglasses can reduce the glare and keep your eyes efficient for longer. Avoid looking directly into the sun.

Take plenty of breaks and refreshment on a long trip. Never stop on the hard shoulder of a motorway when you feel tired. Instead, use the service areas or get off the motorway.

Oil and water can make the hot surface of the road slippery and dangerous, particularly if there is a sudden rain shower after a long dry spell. Take extra care: watch your speed and keep your distance.

A large mid-day meal

 

A large mid-day meal

The hot summer temperatures tend to lower your energy, especially after a large midday meal when drowsiness may occur. If you have to drive after a large business lunch during the summer, take time to digest it or, if possible, sleep it off before starting on a long journey. If that is impractical be aware that your normal senses could be affected. Drive at a slower speed than normal and take extra care behind the wheel   

Camel and other animals on the Road

 

Animals are a constant hazard in rural areas. Most of the main highway have been fenced off to prevent camels from wandering onto the highways and causing accidents, especially at night.

However, in some rural areas camel still manage to stray onto the road. It is courtesy to other drivers to warm them of livestock on the road by using your hazard lights; this is one of the few acceptable uses of hazard lights in a moving vehicle.

When you see camels, sheep, goats or cows on the road, slow down right away to a slowly resume moving forward. Animals have no sense of the danger they present or of the risk of being hit by a moving vehicle, so be patient and negotiate the hazard carefully and safely.

Lack of attention, high speed: the causes of accidents involving animals are many and varied. A camel can easily rush out onto the road and collide with any unwary driver.

Dawn and dusk are the times when animals are the least visible and most likely to stray onto the road. Even if there is a protective fence or barrier along the side of the road, camels may still find their way through a gap. Where the fence ends, there is a real danger of livestock finding their way onto the road.

Small animals on the road can cause severe accidents, since drivers often overreact and slam on the brakes in a panic. To avoid injuring yourself or other road users, it may occasionally be necessary to run over.

Remember

When you see the camel warning sign, always watch the sides of the road and slow down.

Keep your field of vision broad and maintain a steady, slow pace.

To avoid a collision, stay behind a camel that has wandered on to the road.

Probable causes of accidents involving animals are as follows:

The driver was driving too fast.

The driver's range of observation was too narrow.

The driver neglected a warning sign.

The driver did not know when he/she could expect to find animals on the road.  

Here are some ways of reducing the chances of finding yourself in critical situation:

 

Here are some ways of reducing the chances of finding yourself in critical situation:

Always maintain good vision to the front and all around your vehicle.

Be alert and ready to respond to the unexpected.

Be secure in your mind by wearing your seat belt.

Regularly check your rear view and wing mirrors.

Look out for braking lights on vehicles directly in front of you and on vehicles even further ahead.

Keep an eye out for people crossing the road at official crossing places and when driving by school, shopping areas and other public gathering areas.

Maintain the proper distance from the vehicle in front of you.

Keep to your lane, except when overtaking, and do not weave from lane to lane.

On long journeys, take a break every now and then to get out and stretch your legs.

Do not look at maps or eat food while driving. Stop at a lay by and continue later.

Many Drivers do not approach driving as a serious exercise, as one that could result in someone getting gravely injured or even killed due to a lapse of concentration or a failure of driving technique.

Gulf Region, the weather is generally fine and hot

 

Driving in sunshine and hot weather

You're Vehicle

In the Gulf Region, the weather is generally fine and hot, but even this region has a range of weather conditions that will affect normal driving styles and techniques.

Different weather and road conditions can lead to a variety of different hazards, from season to season and from one region to another.

Problems vary widely, depending on the type of road and the amount of traffic passing through. This chapter deals with the main problems of driving under difficult conditions and the techniques of dealing with them safely.

Before you start your journey check the pressure in your tires. Do not check the pressure when you have been driving for a while, because tires will be warm and the reading will be inaccurate. Tires should be checked and adjusted before you start your journey, when they are 'cold'.

Keep the windscreen as clear as possible of water and grease marks. This helps to reduce glare. Check the level in the windscreen washer reservoir and top up if necessary. Using an additive may help to keep the windscreen clean.

Vision will be seriously impaired if your wipers are worn out or if your windscreen has collected a film of traffic dirt from the exhaust gases and other pollutants in and around the road.

Smoking deposits a thin film on the windows of the car, which reduces visibility and is often troublesome to the driver.

Basic positioning when turning right.....Read More

Left-Hand Traffic (UAE)........Read More 

پاکستانی نابیناڈاکٹرکی کہانی۔۔۔۔

 

ہم تحریک عدم کے ذریعے وزیراعظم کو نہیں ہٹا سکتے پی ڈی ایم سربراہ کااعتراف۔۔۔

 مولانہ فضل الرحمان نے عمران خان کیخلاف اپنی شکست تسلیم کرلی

ہم تحریک عدم کے ذریعے وزیراعظم کو نہیں ہٹا سکتے پی ڈی ایم سربراہ کااعتراف

مولانہ فضل الرحمان نے عمران خان کیخلاف اپنی شکست تسلیم کرلی،تفصیلات کے مطابق پی ڈی ایم اجلاس کے دوران اتحاد کے سربراہ مولانہ فضل الرحمان نے وزیراعظم عمران خان کی حکومت کیخلاف اپنی ناکامی کا اعتراف کر لیا،اجلاس کے دوران پیپلزپارٹی کے شریک چئیرمین آصف علی زرداری نے مشورہ دیا کہ استعفے دینے سے قبل وزیراعظم عمران خان کیخلاف قومی اسمبلی اور پنجاب اسمبلی میں تحریک عدم اعتمادلانے کی کوشش کی جائے،حکومت مخالف اپوزیشن(پی ڈی ایم) نے جنوری کے آخری ہفتے میں وزیراعظم عمران خان کی حکومت کیخلاف لانگ مارچ کااعلان کیا ہے،  لانگ مارچ کااعلان حکومت مخالف اپوزیشن(پی ڈی ایم)کے اسٹیئرنگ کمیٹی کے اجلاس میں کیاگیا۔۔۔۔

وزیراعظم عمران خان کا سیالکوٹ میں نجی ائیر لائن ائیر سیال کی افتتاحی تقریب سے خطاب

 

سیالکوٹ میں نجی ائیر لائن ائیر سیال کی افتتاحی تقریب سے خطاب کرتے ہوئے انہوں نے کہا کہ آج سیالکوٹ میں کاروباری برادری سے ملنے آیا ہوں، انہوں نے کہا کہ ائیر سیال کا افتتاح تو ایک بہانہ ہے اصل میں میں یہاں کی کاروباری برادری سے ملنا چاہتا تھا،سب سے پہلے تو انہوں نے یہ ائیرپورٹ بنایا جو بہت شاندار ائیرپورٹ ہے۔ٓٓٓانہوں نے مزید کہاکہ اس ائیر لائن سے سیالکوٹ برآمدات کا مرکز بننے جا رہا ہے،کروناوائرس سے متعلق بات کرتے ہوئے انہوں نے کہا کہ کرونا کہ کیسز بڑھ رہے ہیں،اگر صیح معنوں میں احتیاط نہیں کی تو سردیاں ہمارے لیے بہت مشکل ہوں گی،امریکہ میں یہ وبا بہت تیزی سے پھیل رہی ہے،انگلینڈاور اٹلی میں بھی سخت لاک ڈاون ہے،  وزیراعظم عمران خان نے مزید کہاکہ اس وائرس کوروکنے کا سب سے اچھا طریقہ ماسک ہے،وزیراعظم عمران خان نے کہاکہ ہماری حکومت کی پالیسی ہے کہ ملک کو صنعت کاری کی طرف لے جانا،کاروباری برادری کوسہولت فراہم کرنااور کاروبار میں آسانیاں پیدا کرناتاکہ سرمایہ کاری بڑھے۔۔۔

ہری پور میں موٹرسائیکل چور گرفتار

 

 

Basic positioning when turning right

 

 

Basic positioning when turning right

Drivers intending to turn right should keep their vehicles as close to the right-hand edge of the carriageway as is appropriate for traffic conditions.

Position your car and turn off, keeping as far to the right as possible. This not only makes it easier for the vehicles on your left but also prevents drivers from creeping up on your right. After turning off, position yourself as appropriate for your ongoing itinerary.

It goes without saying that, in streets with two-way traffic with just one lane in each direction, you must keep well to the right so as to allow plenty of room for oncoming traffic.

Right-Hand Traffic (UAE)

 

Right-hand traffic

One two way traffic roads a vehicle should be driven in the lane furthest to the right, as seen from the direction of travel.

Keep to the right, leaving plenty of space for any fast-moving vehicles.

Always try to position your car so that you can handle unexpected overtaking and sudden meetings with oncoming traffic with maximum safety.

Overtaking and meetings with oncoming vehicles always involve an element of risk. If visibility is poor, as it may be if your view is obscured by a hill or a bend in the road, or if you are driving at night or in fog or rain, the risk is greatly enhanced.