The History of civil engineering (Chapter # 05)

 

 Coastal Engineering

Coastal engineering is concerned with managing coastal areas. In some jurisdictions, the term sea defense and coastal protection mean defense against flooding and erosion, respectively. The term coastal defense is the more traditional term, but coastal management has become more popular as the field has expanded to techniques that allow erosion to claim land.

Construction Engineering

Construction engineering involves planning and execution, transportation of materials, site developmental, structural and geotechnical engineering. As construction firms tend to have higher business risk than other types of civil engineering firms do, construction engineers often engage in more business-like transactions, for example, drafting and reviewing contracts, evaluating logistical operations, and monitoring prices of supplies.

Earthquake Engineering

Earthquake engineering involves designing structure to withstand hazardous earthquake exposures, Earthquake engineering is a sub-discipline of structural engineering. The main objectives of earthquake engineering are to understand interaction of structures on the shaky ground; foresee the consequences of possible earthquakes; and design, construct and maintain structures to perform at earthquake in compliance with building codes.

Environmental Engineering

Environmental Engineering is the contemporary term for sanitary engineering, though sanitary engineering traditionally had not included much of the hazardous waste management and environmental remediation work covered by environmental engineering. Public health engineering and environmental health engineering are other terms being used. Environmental engineering deals with treatment of chemical, biological, or thermal wastes, purification of water and air, and remediation of contaminated sites after waste disposal or accidental contamination. Among the topics covered by environmental engineering are pollutant transport, water purification, waste water treatment, air pollution, solid waste treatment, recycling, and hazardous waste management. Environmental engineers administer pollution reduction, green engineering, and industrial ecology. Environmental engineers also compile information on environmental consequences of proposed actions. 

The History of Civil Engineer

Civil engineering

Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including public works such as roads, bridges, canals, dams, airports, sewerage system, pipelines, structural components of buildings, and railways

Civil engineering is traditionally broken into a number of Sub-disciplines. It is considered the second oldest engineering discipline after military engineering and it is defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering. Civil engineering can take place in the public sector from municipal public works department through the federal government agencies, and in the private sector from locally based firms to global fortune 500 companies

History

Civil engineering as a discipline.

Civil engineering is the applications of physical and scientific for solving the problems of society, and its history is intricately linked to advances in the understanding of physics and mathematics throughout history. Because civil engineering is a broad profession, including several specialized Sub-disciplines. Its history is linked to knowledge of structures, materials science, geography, geology soils, hydrology, environmental, science, mechanics, project management, and other fields, throughout ancient and medieval history most architectural design and construction was carried out by artisans, such as stonemasons and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder Knowledge was retained is guilds and seldom supplanted by advances, structures, roads and infrastructure that existed were repetitive, and increases in scale were incremental. One of the earliest examples of a scientific approach to physical and mathematical problems applicable to civil engineering is the work of Archimedes in the 3^rd century BC, Including Archimedes Principle, which underpins our understanding of buoyancy, and practical solutions such as Archimedes screw. Brahmagupta an in Indian mathematician, used arithmetic in the 7^th century AD, based on Hindu-Arabic numerals for excavation (volume) computations…