Osama Satti has revealed that the Islamabad youngster was not involved in any criminal activity.

 

ISLAMABAD: The judicial inquiry report into the killing of 22-years –old man Osama Satti has revealed that the Islamabad youngster was not involved in any criminal activity

 

The commission found that Osama was short from all directions by ATS personnel and he was not involved in any robbery or other criminal activity.

News of Osama's death was deliberately hidden from his family for four hours and officers tried to turn the incident into a dacoity case,'' the report revealed, adding that "Rescue 1122 vehicle reaching to incident site was provided the incorrect location details by the police control room."

As per the judicial inquiry report, 22 shots were fired at the vehicle of Satti by more than four ATS personnel and cartridges were sent for forensics after 72 hours.

Read More: PM Imran khan meets Osama's father, assures justice

Prime Minister Imran khan on Wednesday met with Nadeem Younis Satti, the father of Osama Satti who was shot dead by policemen in the federal capital.

Accountability czar serves Rs500 defamation notice on Bukari

 

ISLAMABAD: Adviser to the Prime Minister on Accountability Shahzad Akbar served on Thursday an Rs500 million defamation notice on another PML-N leader for issuing "completely untrue and libelous" statement against him

Sharing a copy of the notice on Twitter, he wrote: My lawyers have also issued legal notice to Uzma Bukhari for defamation for her allegations levelled against me. She must apologise or gather 500 million to pay in damages.

 

Shahzad Akbar had served a similar notice on PML-N-MNA Maryam Aurangzeb over defamatory statement the other day. The notice that governments czar on accountability served through his lawyers on Bukhari states that in a TV show, she passed completely untrue and libelous defamatory statement alleging that our client Shahzad tried to solicit a certain commission from Mr.Moussavi (the Broadsheet owner) from a payment supposed to be made to Broadsheet LLC.

Osama Satti Murder Case

 

Commiserating with the bereaved family, the premier prayed for the departed soul. He regretted the despicable incident and assured the father of Osama of complete justice

 

Earlier today, an anti-terrorism court (ATC) extended physical remand of the five arrested policemen in the Osama Satti murder case. The five accused were presented before the court as judge Raja Jawad Abbas resumed hearing. The investigation officer requested the judge to extend physical remand of the accused by five days.

  

Green Line BRT project ( Krachi)

 KARACHI: Sindh Transport Minister Awais  Qadir Shah said on Tuesday that Green and Orange Lines Bus Rapid Transport (BRT) will become operational by October 2021

 

The minister said that tender for buses has been issued and 100 buses for Green and Orange Lines will arrive by the end of September or October 2021.

Rejecting the statement made by Planning Minister Asad Umar regarding operational of the Green Line BRT project by August this year, Awais Qadir said that the federal minister knows nothing about the project as buses will not arrive before October.

 

"Federal government should procure more buses as 80 buses for Green Line BRT project are not enough,"

 

It should be noted that while the federal government initiated the Green Line project, the Orange Line is supposed to be a Sindh government scheme. Under the original arrangements, the Centre was only responsible for developing the route for the Green Line, while the Sindh government was to procure buses and rub operations for both the Green and Orange lines. 

Who was Iqbal???

 

Sir Muhammad Iqbal (Urdu:  محمد اقبال ) 9 November 1877- 21 April 1938 was a poet, philosopher, lawyer, theorist and politician from Punjab, British India (now in Pakistan), whose poetry in Urdu and Persian is considered to be among the greatest of the modern era and whose vision of an independent state for the Muslims of British India was to inspire the creation of Pakistan. He is commonly referred to as Allama Iqbal.

After studying in England and Germany, Iqbal established a Law practice, but concentrated primarily on writing scholarly works on politics, economics, history, philosophy and religion. He is best known for his poetic works, Including Asrar-e-Khudi which brought a knighthood Rumuz-e-Bekhudi and the Bang-e-Dara. In Iran where he is known as Iqbal-e-Lahori he is highly regarded for his Persian works.

WhatsApp Clarifies its new Privacy Policy

 

Popular app says policy updates are optional, only to affect messaging with businesses 

Popular messaging app WhatsApp on Tuesday clarified that its new policy does not affect the privacy of user's messages with friends or family.

In a statement, the app owned by social media giant Facebook said the update includes changes related to messaging a business on WhatsApp, which is optional and provides further transparency about how it collects and uses data.

 

We can’t see your private messages or hear your calls

"Neither WhatsApp nor Facebook can read your massages or hear your calls with your friends, family, and co-workers on WhatsApp. Whatever you share, it stays between you. That's because your personal messages are protected by end-to-end encryption. We will never weaken this security and we clearly label each chat so you know our commitment," the statement published on WhatsApp website said.

 

We don't share your contacts with Facebook

The app said when a user gives it permission, it accesses only the phone numbers from the address book to make messaging fast and reliable. "We don't share your contacts lists with the other apps Facebook offers."

 

We can’t see your shared location

"When you share your location with someone on WhatsApp, your location is protected by end-to –end encryption, which means no one can see your location except the people you share it with."

 

We don't keep logs of calls or messages

While traditionally mobile carriers and operators store this information, "we believe that keeping these records for two billion users would be both a privacy and security risk and we don't do it."

 

Groups remain private.

"We use group membership to deliver messages and to protect our service from spam and abuse. We don't share this data with Facebook for ads purposes. Again, these private chats are end-to-end encrypted so we can't see their content." The statement added

WhatsApp said the policy changes is to make the users' communication with businesses easier and better. "Messaging with businesses is different than messaging with your family or friends. Some large businesses need to use hosting services to manage their communication. Which is why we're giving businesses the option to use secure hosting services rom Facebook to manage WhatsApp chats with their customers, answer questions, and send helpful information like purchase receipts. But whether you communicate with a business by phone, email, or WhatsApp, it can see what you're saying and may use that information for its own marketing purposes, which may include advertising on Facebook. To make sure you're informed, we clearly label conversations with businesses that are choosing to use hosting services from Facebook."

 

The app said if a user choose to interact with Shops, the shopping activity can be used the personalize the shops experience and the ads on Facebook and Instagram.

"Features like this are optional and when you use them we will tell you in the app how your data is being shared with Facebook." It clarified.

 

The Guddu Thermal Power Plant

 

The Guddu Thermal Power Plant, also known by other names such as Central Power Generation Company Limited and GENCO-II, is a thermal power station located in Guddu, Sindh Pakistan Built in 1980s the Power Plant was built with joint technical cooperation and financial assistance from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), In April 2014, the then Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif inaugurated commissioning of two gas turbines of 243 MW each

 

As of 2017, the station had seventeen installed power units and its contribution to the national grid stood between 1400 MW TO 1750 MW

Seven officials suspended as govt form committee to probe power breakdown

 

Seven officials suspended as govt form committee to probe power breakdown

 

ISLAMABAD: The federal government on Sunday formed a committee to probe into the massive power blackout that had hit parts of the country on late Saturday night.

 According to a notification issued here, the Central Power Generation Company has suspended seven officials of Guddu Thermal Power Station on account of the negligence of duty which caused power failure across the country.

Seven officials working under Plant Manager-111 are hereby laces under suspension with immediate effect and until further orders, on account of the negligence of duty which caused power failure found in view of a preliminary inquiry reads the notification issued by Central Power Generation Company Limited.

The employees suspended in light of preliminary inquiry include Adl .Plant Manager Sohail Ahmed, Junior Engineer Deedar Channa, Formen Ali Hassan Golo, Ayyaz Hussain Dahar Operator, Saeed Ahmed Operator, Attendants Siraj Ahmed Memom and Ilyas Ahmed.

Natural Beauty

 

Nature in the broadest sense, is the natural physical, material world or universe. "Nature" can refer to the phenomena of the physical world, and also to life in general. The study of nature is a large, if not the only, part of science, although humans are part of nature, human activity is often understood as a separate category from other natural phenomena. The word nature is derived from the Latin word nature or essential qualities innate disposition and in ancient times literally meant "birth" In ancient philosophy, nature is mostly used as the Latin translation of the Greek word physis

Which originally related to the intrinsic characteristics that plants, animals, and other features of the world develop of their own accord. The concept of nature as a whole, the physical universe, is one of several expansions of the original notion. It began with certain core applications of the word by pre-Socratic philosophers (though this word had a dynamic dimension then, especially for Heraclitus) , and has steadily gained currency ever since.  

Atta-ur-Rahman (Pakistani organic chemist)

 

Atta-ur-Rahman (Urdu عطاالرحمان; September 1942), PhD Sc.D., NI, FRS, FPAS, is a Pakistani organic chemist who is currently serving chief scientific adviser in the administration of Prime Minster Imran Khan. At this capacity he is currently overseeing acquisition and development of Covid-19 vaccines as a response of Covid-19 pandemic in Pakistan.

 

After studying chemistry at the University of Karachi, Atta-ur-Rahman travelled to Cambridge where he received PhD and later Sc. D IN organic chemistry. He also has received honorary doctorates from University of Bradford and Asian Institute of Technology, with research focused on Bio-organic chemistry, Synthetic chemistry and Natural product chemistry. He started teaching as a associate professor in 1974 at the University of Karachi and worked as postdoctoral researcher at the University of Tubingen as part of the German Academic Exchange. He serves as the patron of Ebrahem Jamal Research Institute of Chemistry and Professor emeritus of Chemistry at the Karachi University. Atta-ur-Rahman is an expert in the field of natural product chemistry in South Asia, with over 1142 publications in  several fields of organic chemistry including 775 research publications, 43 international patents, n70 chapters in books and 254 books published largely by major U.S. and European presses. He serves as the Editor in Chief of several peer reviewed journals including the Current Medicinal Chemistry and Current Organic Chemistry. He has been a Fellow of the Royal Society since July 2006 and has served as the President of Pakistan Academy of Sciences. In recognition of his contributions in the field of organic chemistry, he has been conferred with four Government of Pakistan civil awards including Nishan-e-Imtiaz (2002), Hilal-I-lmtiaz (1998) , Sitara-i-Imtiaz(1991) and  Tamgha-e-Imtiaz (1983)   

A Moroccan Muslim scholar and traveler (Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Battuta)

 

Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Battuta

Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Battuta was a Moroccan Muslim scholar and traveler. He was known for his travelling and undertaking excursions called the Rihla. His journeys lasted for a period of almost thirty years, covering nearly the whole of the known Islamic world and beyond. They extended from North Africa, West Africa, Southern Europe and Eastern Europe in the West, to the Middle East , Indian subcontinent, Central Asia, Southeast Asia and China in the East, a distance readily surpassing that of his predecessors. After his travels he returned to Morocco and gave his account of the experience to Ibn Juzay.

Early life and Career

Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Battuta, was born in Tangier Morocco on the 24^th of February 1304 C.E. (703 Hijra) during the time of the Marinid dynasty. He was commonly known as Shams ad-Din. His family was of Berber origin and had a tradition of service as judges. After receiving an education in Islamic law, he chose to travel. He left his house in June 1325, when he was twenty one year of age and set off from his hometown initially on a hajj (pilgrimage) to Mecca, a journey that took him 16 months. He continued travelling and did not return to Morocco for at least 24 years. His journeys were mostly by land. To reduce the risk of being attacked, he usually chose to join a caravan. In the town of Sfax, he married. During his travels, he survived wars, shipwrecks, and rebellions.

The Muslim Scientist (Jabber Ibn Hayyan)

 

Jabir ibn Hayyan

(Arabic/Persian died c. 758 – 816), known by the Kunyas Abu Musa or Abu Abd Allah and the nisbad al-sufi, al Azdi, al kufi or al-Tusi is the supposed author of an enormous number and variety of works in Arabic often called the jabirian corpus. The scope of the corpus is vast and divers covering a wide range of topics, including alchemy, cosmology, numerology, astrology, medicine, magic, mysticism and Popularly known as the father of chemistry, Jabir's works contain the oldest known systematic classification of chemical substances, and the oldest known instructions for deriving an inorganic compound (sal ammoniac or a ammonium chloride) from organic substances (such as plants, blood, and hair) by chemical means.

As early as the 10^th century, the identity and exact corpus of works of Jabir was in dispute in Islamic circles. The authorship of all these works by a single figure, and even the existence of a historical Jabir, are also doubted by modern scholars. Instead, Jabir ibn Hayyan is see more like a pseudonym to whom underground writing by various authors became ascribed.

Some Arabic Jabirian works (e.g. the "Book of Mercy" and the "Book of Seventy" ) were  translated into Latin under the Latinized name "Geber" and in 13^th century Europe an anonymous writer, usually referred to as pseud-Geber, started to produce alchemical and metallurgical writings under this name

The jabirian corpus

There are about 600 Arabic work attributed to Jabir ibn Hayyan that are known by bane approximately 215 of which are still extant today. Though some of these are full length works most of them are relatively short treatises and belong to larger collections (The One Hundred and Twelve Books, The Five Hundred Books, etc.) in which they function rather more like chapters. When the individual chapters of some full length works are counted as separate treatises too, the total length of the corpus may be estimated at about 3000 treatises/chapters.

The overwhelming majority of Jabirian treatises that are still extant today deal with alchemy or chemistry (though these may also contain religious speculations, and discuss a wide range of other topics ranging from cosmology to grammar).

The History of civil engineering (Chapter # 05)

 

 Coastal Engineering

Coastal engineering is concerned with managing coastal areas. In some jurisdictions, the term sea defense and coastal protection mean defense against flooding and erosion, respectively. The term coastal defense is the more traditional term, but coastal management has become more popular as the field has expanded to techniques that allow erosion to claim land.

Construction Engineering

Construction engineering involves planning and execution, transportation of materials, site developmental, structural and geotechnical engineering. As construction firms tend to have higher business risk than other types of civil engineering firms do, construction engineers often engage in more business-like transactions, for example, drafting and reviewing contracts, evaluating logistical operations, and monitoring prices of supplies.

Earthquake Engineering

Earthquake engineering involves designing structure to withstand hazardous earthquake exposures, Earthquake engineering is a sub-discipline of structural engineering. The main objectives of earthquake engineering are to understand interaction of structures on the shaky ground; foresee the consequences of possible earthquakes; and design, construct and maintain structures to perform at earthquake in compliance with building codes.

Environmental Engineering

Environmental Engineering is the contemporary term for sanitary engineering, though sanitary engineering traditionally had not included much of the hazardous waste management and environmental remediation work covered by environmental engineering. Public health engineering and environmental health engineering are other terms being used. Environmental engineering deals with treatment of chemical, biological, or thermal wastes, purification of water and air, and remediation of contaminated sites after waste disposal or accidental contamination. Among the topics covered by environmental engineering are pollutant transport, water purification, waste water treatment, air pollution, solid waste treatment, recycling, and hazardous waste management. Environmental engineers administer pollution reduction, green engineering, and industrial ecology. Environmental engineers also compile information on environmental consequences of proposed actions. 

THE HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING (Chapter # 04)

 

Practicing Engineers

In most countries, a bachelor's degree in engineering represents the first step towards professional certificate, and a professional body certifies the degree program. After completing a certified the degree program, the engineer must satisfy a range of requirements including work experience and exam requirements before being certified. Once certified, the engineer is designated as a professional engineer (In the United States, Canada and South Africa), a chartered engineer (in most commonwealth countries), a chartered professional engineer (in Australia and New Zealand), or a European engineer (in most countries of the European Union). There are international agreements between relevant professional bodies to allow engineers to practice across national borders.

The benefits of certification vary depending upon location. For example, in the United States and Canada, "only a licensed professional engineer may prepare, sign and seal, and submit engineering plans and drawings to public authority for approval, or seal engineering work for public and private clients. This requirement is enforced under provincial law such as the Engineers Act in Quebec. No such legislation has been enacted in other countries including the United Kingdom. In Australia, state licensing of engineers is limited to the state of Queensland. Almost all certifying bodies maintain a code of ethics which all members must abide by.

Engineer must obey contract law in their contractual relationships with other parties, in cases where an engineer's work fails, they may be subject to the law of tort of negligence, and in extreme cases, criminal chargers. An engineer's work must also comply with numerous other rules and regulations such as building codes and environmental law.

Sub-disciplines

There are a number of sub-disciplines within the broad field of civil engineering. General civil engineers work closely with surveyors and specialized civil engineers to design grading, drainage, pavement, water supply, sewer service, dams, electric and communications supply. General civil engineering is also referred to as site engineering, a branch of civil engineering that primarily focuses on converting a tract of land from one usage to another. Site engineers spend time visiting project sites, meeting with stakeholders, and preparing construction plans. Civil engineers apply the principles of geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, environmental engineering, transportation engineering and construction engineering to residential, commercial, and industrial and public works projects of all sizes and levels of construction.

The first president of Institution of Civil Engineers (Thomas Telford FRS)

 

Thomas Telford FRS, (9 August 1757 – 2 September 1834) was a Scottish Civil Engineer Architect and stonemason, and road, bridge and canal builder. After establishing himself as an engineer of road and canal projects in Shropshire, he designed numerous infrastructure projects in his native Scotland, as well as harbors and tunnels. Such was his reputation as a prolific designer of highways and related bridges, he was dubbed The Colossus of Roads (a pun on the Colossus of Rhodes), and reflecting his command of all types of civil engineering in the early 19^th century, he was elected as the first President of the Institution of Civil Engineers, a post he held for 14 years until his death. Telford was born on 9 August 1757, at Glendenning a hill farm 3 miles east of Eskdalemuir Kirk, in the rural parish of Wester Kirk in Eskdale, Dumfrieddhire. His father john Telford a shepherd, died soon after Thomas was born. Thomas was raised in poverty by his mother Janet Jackson (died 1794).At the age of 14, he was apprenticed to a Stoneman, and some of his earliest work can still be seen on the bridge across the River Esk in Langholm in the Scottish borders.

The First University of Civil Engineering (ENPC)

 

Ecole national des Pont's ET chausses (ENPC)

Ecole des Pont's Paris Tech (originally called Ecole national des Pont's ET chausses or ENPC, also nicknamed Pont's) is a university level institution of higher education and research in the field of science, engineering and technology. Founded in 1747 by Daniel-Charles Trudaine, it is one of the oldest and one of the most prestigious French Grandes Ecoles. Historically, its primary mission has been to train engineering officials and civil engineers but the school now offers a wide ranging education including computer science, applied mathematics, civil engineering, mechanics, finance, economics, innovation, urban studies, environment and transport engineering. Ecole des Pont's is today largely international: 43% of its students obtain a double degree abroad, and 30% of an ingenieur cohort is foreign.

It is headquartered in Marne-la-Vallee (suburb of Paris), France, and is a founding member of Paris Tech (Paris Institute of Technology) and of the Paris School of Economics. The school is under the Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy of France.   

History of civil engineer [{Chapter 3}]

 

Civil Engineering Education

The first private college to teach civil engineering in the United States was Norwich University, founded in 1819 by Captain Alden Partridge. The first degree in civil engineering in the United States was awarded by Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1835. The first such degree to be awarded to a woman was granted by Cornell University to Nora Stanton Blatch in 1905.In the UK during the early 19^th century, the division between civil engineering and military engineering (served by the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich), coupled with the demands of the Industrial Revolution, spawned new engineering education initiatives: the Class of Civil Engineering and Mining was founded at Kings College London in 1838, mainly as a response to the growth of the railway system and the need for more qualified engineers, the private College for Civil Engineers in Putney was established in 1839. And the UK first Chair of Engineering was established at the University of Glasgow in 1840.

Education

Civil engineers typically possess an academic degree in civil engineering. The length of study is three to five years, and the completed degree is designated as a bachelor of technology, or a bachelor of engineering. The curriculum generally includes classes in physics, mathematics, project management, design and specific topics in civil engineering. After taking basic courses in most sub-disciplines of civil engineering, they move on to specialize in one or more sub-disciplines at advances levels. While and undergraduate degree (BEng / BSc) normally provides successful students with industry-accredited qualification, some academic institutions offer post-graduate degree (MEng/MSc), which allow students to further specialize in their particular area of interest.

JOHN SMEATON FRS (8 June 1724 – 28 October 1792)

JOHN SMEATON FRS (8 June 1724 – 28 October 1792) was an English Civil Engineer responsible for the design of bridges, canals, harbors and lighthouse. He was also a capable mechanical engineer and an eminent physicist. Smeaton was the first self-proclaimed civil engineer and is often regarded as the father of civil engineering. He pioneered the use of hydraulic lime in concert, using pebbles and powdered bricks as aggregate. Smeaton was associated with the Lunar Society. Smeaton was born in born in Authored, Leeds, England. After studying at Leeds Grammar School he joined his father's law firm but left to become a mathematical instrument maker (working with Henry Hindley), developing, among other instruments, a pyrometer to study material expansion. In 1750, his premises were in the Great turnstile in Holborn. He was selected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1753 and in 1759 won the Copley Medal for his research into the mechanics of waterwheels and windmills. His 1759 paper "An Experimental Enquiry Concerning the Natural Powers of Water and Wind to Turn Mills and Other Machines Depending on Circular Motion addressed the relationship between pressures and velocity for objects moving in air.  

History of civil engineer(chapter 2)

 

Civil engineering Profession

Engineering has been aspect of life since the beginnings of human engineering. The earliest practice of civil engineering may have commenced between 4000 and 2000 BC in ancient Egypt the Indus valley. Civilization and Mesopotamia (ancient Iraq) when human started to abandon a nomadic existence creating a need for the construction of shelter during this time transportation became increasingly important leading to the development of the wheel and sailing until modern times there was no clear distinction between civil engineering and architecture and the term engineer and architect were mainly geographical variations referring to the same occupation, and often used interchangeably. The Construction of pyramids in Egypt were some of the first instances of large structure constructions other ancient historic civil engineering construction including the Qanat water management system (the oldest is older than 3000 yard and longer than 71km) the Parthenon by iktinos in ancient Greece the apian way by roman engineers the great wall of china by general meng tien under order from chin emperor shih huang ti and the stupas constructed in ancient Srilanka like the jetavanaramaya and the extensive irrigation works in Anuradhapura. The roman developed civil structures throughout their empire, including especially aqueducts, insulae, harbors, bridges, dams and road. In the 18^th century, the term civil engineering was coined to incorporate all things civilian as opposed to military engineering in 1747 the first institution for the teaching of civil engineering, the Ecole Nationaldes ponts ET chausses was established in France and more examples follow in other European countries like Spain. The First self-proclaimed civil engineer was john Smeaton, who constructed the Eddy stone Lighthouse. In 1771 Smeaton and some his colleagues formed the smeatonian society of civil engineers, a group of leaders of the profession who met informally over dinner. Though there was evidence of some technical meetings it was more than a social society.

In 1818 the institution if civil engineers was founded in London and in 1820 the eminent engineer Thomas Telford became its First president. The Institution received a Royal charter in 1828 formally recognizing civil engineering as a profession. Its charter defined civil engineering as: the art of directing the great sources of power in nature for the use and convenience of man as the means of production and of traffic in states, both for external and internal trade, as applied in the construction of roads, bridges, aqueducts, canals, river navigation and docks for internal intercourse and exchange, and in the construction of ports, harbors, moles, breakwaters and lighthouse, and inn the art of navigation by artificial power for the purposes of commerce, and in the construction and application of machinery, and in the drainage of cities and towns.

The History of Civil Engineer

Civil engineering

Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including public works such as roads, bridges, canals, dams, airports, sewerage system, pipelines, structural components of buildings, and railways

Civil engineering is traditionally broken into a number of Sub-disciplines. It is considered the second oldest engineering discipline after military engineering and it is defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering. Civil engineering can take place in the public sector from municipal public works department through the federal government agencies, and in the private sector from locally based firms to global fortune 500 companies

History

Civil engineering as a discipline.

Civil engineering is the applications of physical and scientific for solving the problems of society, and its history is intricately linked to advances in the understanding of physics and mathematics throughout history. Because civil engineering is a broad profession, including several specialized Sub-disciplines. Its history is linked to knowledge of structures, materials science, geography, geology soils, hydrology, environmental, science, mechanics, project management, and other fields, throughout ancient and medieval history most architectural design and construction was carried out by artisans, such as stonemasons and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder Knowledge was retained is guilds and seldom supplanted by advances, structures, roads and infrastructure that existed were repetitive, and increases in scale were incremental. One of the earliest examples of a scientific approach to physical and mathematical problems applicable to civil engineering is the work of Archimedes in the 3^rd century BC, Including Archimedes Principle, which underpins our understanding of buoyancy, and practical solutions such as Archimedes screw. Brahmagupta an in Indian mathematician, used arithmetic in the 7^th century AD, based on Hindu-Arabic numerals for excavation (volume) computations…