Motor vehicle Inaurance

Even the most careful and cautious driver may be involved in a road accident. By law, the owner or driver of the car responsible for the accident is liable for the cost of repairs, as well as other costs related to the accident. All compensation costs must also be covered, by the insurance policy or by other means.

 

Third party insurance is compulsory. Regardless of who caused the accident, third party insurance covers all injuries and damage to third party caused by the arising out of the use of a motor vehicle on the road. It provides financial cover for bodily injury and damage to other people's property. In some cases, the amount normally payable may be modified as circumstances demand.

 

Third party insurance does not cover damage to your own vehicle or any load you may be carrying.it is therefore wise to take out some form of extra insurance.

Make sure to get helpful advice when arranging your insurance policy and read the terms carefully before signing it. 

Never drive a car if you do not have a valid vehicle licenseen

If you do, you will not be covered by the third party insurance policy. This is not only illegal, but could also cause you some serious financial problems if you have accident.

Insurance premiums vary considerably, depending on the insurer. The exact amount payable will depend on the traffic and accident categories of your type of vehicle, the theft statistics associated with that particular make and model, your annual mileage, the place where you live, and any no-claims bonus or other form of discount to which you may be entitled. As a rule support cars are more expensive to insure than ordinary car models therefore, before going in for a particular type of car, it may be wise to call some insurance companies and ask about the policies they offer.

Never accept the blame for an accident directly on the spot, especially in the presence of the police. Anything you say, at a time when you may be in shock, or a state of extreme confusion, may be noted and used against you later.

Vehicle inspection and registration

Vehicle Inspection Centers (VICs), exist to inspect all

Registered motor vehicles. Their responsibilities are:

 

To set technical specifications and safety standards

To rise quality standards and help ensure the safety of motorists and other road use

To allow well-maintained vehicles on the roads, thus promoting public safety and environmental protection

To ensure that dangerous vehicles are taken off public highway

To minimize environmental damage by bringing down the quantity of carbon monoxide emissions.

To control other gas emissions that pollute the air

To manage the collections of fines from car owners who are in breach of the regulations.

If your car fails the VIC tests all faults must be repaired without delay. Until they are fixed, your car will not be considered roadworthy and should not be driven. Driving a car in a non-roadworthy condition may impose a hefty fine on you.

Vehicle Inspection Centers, VICs, provides you with number plates and a registration certificate. All vehicles must display a pair of number plates, which must be kept legible and clearly visible. Registration certificate must be carried in trucks, buses, cars and off road vehicles.

If traveling abroad depending on the country you may may be asked to produce an International Driving License, which is essentially a translation of your UAE license into various foreign languages. Automobile Clubs operating in the UAE issue International Driving Licenses.  

 

Driving with a heavy load or pulling a trailer

 

You will need a light vehicle license in order to drive the vehicle being toward. Some drivers may not be aware that this license is necessary when a trailer is hitched to a vehicle or when driving with a heavy load on board. You will find detail of permitted trailer loads in your driver's manual, along with the maximum tow bar download that the vehicle can pull. Consult your driver's manual to determine the maximum safe loads permitted for your vehicle and the proper distribution of that lo 

Before setting out, make sure:   

    That the caravan or trailer is properly loaded

   That the caravan or trailer is correctly hitched

   That the emergency wire is properly connected.

  That the light and electric brake are properly connected.

 That all lights work and all lamps, reflectors, plates, etc. are clean. 

That the supporting leg and wheels are securely screwed in position.

You should never carry more passengers that allowed. The driver's view of the road must never be obstructed by either load or passengers. Nor should they be allowed to prevent the driver from having control of the vehicle at all times.

A child should never sit on the lap of an adult in a moving car 

Pay special attention to your driver's manual to know the permitted roof load when using any type of roof rack. Any load placed on the roof will be above the center of gravity of the vehicle and will increase the likelihood of it rolling over. Check that your roof rack is securely fastened, and make sure that braking, accelerating or turning a corner will not displace the load. Position the load up against the front edge of the roof rack and secure it in place with some material strong enough to prevent it from rolling, slipping or falling out of place. If you use a tarpaulin, remember the effect of wind. Distribute the load evenly, taking care not to overload that rear. Check the tires and see that the lights are properly adjusted 

Make sure the load is firmly secured, and check frequently! 

A heavy load or incorrect tire pressure can affect your cars performance, particularly its ability to take corner, its acceleration capacity, and the braking capacity, and the braking distance. With the car fully or heavily loaded, it will also take longer to overtake, since the engine will have a heavily load to pull. Similarly, the braking distance will increase when driving downhill, since the car is pushed forward by the weight of load.

Millions of tons of dangerous goods are transported on the roads each year.

If you are in any way involved in an accident with a vehicle displaying a hazard warning, extreme caution is imperative

AASHTO Designation: T 90-16

 

Plastic Standard Method of Test for Determining the Plastic Limit and Plasticity Index of Soils

AASHTO

AASHTO Designation: T 90-16

 

Technical Section: 1a, Soil and Unbound Recycled

Material

 

                                               Release: Group 3 (OCTOBER)

 

1.        SCOPE

1.1.       The plastic limit of a soil is the lowest moisture content at which the soil remains plastic. The plastic index of a soil is the range in moisture content, expressed as a percentage of the mass of the oven-dried soil, within which the material is in a plastic state. The plasticity index is calculated as the numerical difference between the liquid limit and plastic limit of the soil.

 

1.2.       The following applies to all specified limits in this standard: For the purpose of determining conformance with these specification, an observed value or a calculated value shall be rounded off" to the nearest unit" in the last right-hand place of figure used in expressing the limiting value, in accordance with ASTM E29.

 

1.3.         Two procedures for rolling out soil samples are provided in this method: the Hand Rolling Method and the plastic Limit Device Method. The Hand Rolling Method shall be used as the referee procedure.

 

1.4.        The test method is often conducted in conjunction with T89, which is used to determine the liquid limit of soils.

 

 

2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS

 

                                                                                                    2.1.      AASHTO Standards

 

M 231, Weighing Devices Used in the Testing of Materials

R 18, Establishing and Implementing a Quality Management System for Construction Materials Testing Laboratories

R 58, Dry Preparation for Disturbed Soil and Soil-Aggregate Samples for Test

R 61, Establishing Requirements for Equipment Calibration, Standardizations, and Checks

R 74, Wet Preparation of Disturbed Soil Samples for Test

T 89, Determining the Liquid Limit of Soils

T 265, Laboratory Determination of Moisture Content of Soils

 

                                                                              2.2.        ASTM Standard:

 

E29, Standard Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications

For Further Detail…. Read more

Liquid Limit test, Appratus Calibrtion ,Plastic Index , Sample Collection

Standard Method of Test for Determining the Plastic Limit and Plasticity Index of Soils

Standard Method of Test for Determining the Plastic 

Limit and Plasticity Index of Soils

AASHTO

AASHTO Designation: T 90-16

 

Technical Section: 1a, Soil and Unbound Recycled

Material

 

                                               Release: Group 3 (OCTOBER)

 

 

3.         APPARATUS

 

3.1.       Dish-A porcelain evaporating dish or similar mixing dish about 115 mm in diameter.

3.2.       Spatula-A spatula or pill knife having a blade about 75 mm in length and about 20 mm in width.

3.3.        Surface for Rolling-Shall consist of one of the following:

3.3.1.      A ground glass plate or piece or piece of smooth, unglazed paper on which to roll the sample. Paper, if used, shall not add foreign matter (fibers, paper fragments, etc.) to the soil during the rolling process and shall lay flat on a smooth horizontal surface.

3.3.2.       Plastic Limit Rolling Device--- A device made of acrylic conforming to the dimensions shown in Figure 1.

 

Dimensions:

IW ----- approximately 100 mm

L   ----- Approximately 200 mm

                                                                                           T   ---- 5 to10mm

H   ----- 3.20 + 0.25 mm plus the total thickness of the unglazed paper attached to the bottom plate. See Note 3.

W ----- See Note 1.

B ----- See Note 2.

 

 

Notes:

The tolerance between the width of the top plate (W) and the      inside width of the bottom plate (1W) shall be such that the top plate slides freely on the rails without wobbling.

The top plate shall be rigid enough so that the thickness of the soil threads is not influenced by flexure of the top plate.

The width of the side rails shall be between 3 and 6mm

 

 

Figure 1- Plastic Limit Rolling Device

3.3.2.1.    Paper for Rolling Device-Unglazed paper that does not add foreign matter (fibers, paper, fragments, etc.) to the soil during the rolling process. Attach the unglazed paper to the top and bottom plates of the device either by a spray-on adhesive backing.

 

Note 1-    Take special care to remove the adhesive that remains on the plastic limit rolling device after testing. Repeated tests without such removal will result in a buildup of the residual adhesive and a decreased soil thread diameter.

 

3.4.       Moisture Content Container— made of material resistant to corrosion and not subject to change in mass or disintegration on repeated heating and cooling. The container shall have a close fitting lid to prevent loss of moisture from samples before initial mass determination and to prevent absorption of moisture from the atmosphere following drying and before final mass determination. One container is needed for each moisture content determination.

 

3.5.       Balance­­­­­­­— a class G1 balance meeting the accuracy requirements of M231.

 

3.6      Oven—thermostatically controlled and capable of maintaining temperature of 110 ± 5^oC for drying samples.

 

4.         CALIBRATIONS, STANDARDIZATIONS,     AND CHECKS

 

4.1.      Unless otherwise specified, follow the requirements and intervals for equipment calibrations, standardizations, and checks found in R 61. 

 

4.2.      Follow the procedures for performing equipment calibrations, standardizations, and checks found in R 61. 

 

 

5.            SAMPLE

 

5.1          If only the plastic limit is to be determined—Take a quantity of soil with a mass of about 20g from the thoroughly mixes portion of material passing the 0.425—mm (No. 40) sieve, obtained in according with R58 or R74. Place the air---- dried soil in a mixing dish and thoroughly mix with distilled, demineralized, or de—ionized water until the mass becomes plastic enough to be easily shaped into a ball    (Notes 2 and 3).  Take a portion of this ball with a mass of about 10 g for the test sample.

 

 Note 2---- Tape water may be used for routine testing if comparative tests indicate on differences in results between using tap water and distilled, demineralized, or de—ionized water. However, use distilled, demineralized, or de—ionized water for referee or disputed tests.

 

 Note 3---- The objective is to add enough moisture to a plastic soil sample so that the 3—mm thread described in Section 6 does not crumble on the first roll. For a non-plastic soil, this will not be possible 

5.2          If the plastic index (both liquid and plastic limit) is to be determined—Take a test sample with a mass of about 10 g from the thoroughly wet and mix portion of the soil prepared in according with T89. Take the sample at any stage of the mixing process at which the mass becomes plastic enough to be easily shaped into a ball without sticking to the fingers excessively when squeezed. If the sample is taken before completion of the liquid limit test, set it aside and allow to season in air until the liquid limit test has been completed. If the sample taken during the liquid limit test is too dry to permit rolling to a 3-mm thread as described in   Section 6, add more water and remix (Note 3).

  

 Further Detail…. Read more     For 

Procedure of Test for Determining the Plastic Limit and Plasticity Index of Soils

Procedure of Test for Determining the Plastic Limit and Plasticity Index of Soils

Standard Method of Test for Determining the Plastic Limit and Plasticity Index of Soils

AASHTO

AASHTO Designation: T 90-16

 

Technical Section: 1a, Soil and Unbound Recycled

Material

 Release: Group 3 (OCTOBER)

 

 

6.            PROCEDURE

6.1          Determine and record the mass of moisture content container.

6.2          Select a 1.5 to 2.0 g portion from 10g mass of soil prepared in accordance with Section 5. Form the selected portion into an ellipsoidal mass.

6.3          Use one of the following methods to roll the soil mass into a 3-mm thread at a rate of 80 to 90 strokes per minute, counting a stroke as one complete motion of the hand forward and back to the starting position again.

 

6.3.1.       Hand Rolling Method- Roll the mass between the palm or fingers and the ground – glass plate or unglazed paper with just sufficient pressure to roll the mass into a thread of uniform diameter throughout its length. Deform the thread further on each stroke until its diameter reaches 3mm. Take no more than 2 min to roll the soil mass to the 3-mm diameter.

Note 4-- The amount of hand or finger pressure required will vary greatly, according to the soil. Fragile soils of low plasticity are best rolled under the outer edge of the palm or at the base of the thumb.

 

6.3.2.       Alternate Procedure, Plastic Limit Device Method--- Place the soil mass on the bottom plate. Place the top plate in contact with the soil mass. Simultaneously apply a slight downward force and back and forth motion to the top plate so the plate comes in contact with the side rails within 2 min. During this rolling process, do not allow the soil thread to contact the side rails.

Note 5—in most case, more than one soil mass (thread) can be rolled simultaneously in the plastic limit rolling device.

 

6.4          When the diameter of the thread reaches 3mm, squeeze the thread between the thumbs and fingers and form the mass back into a roughly ellipsoidal shape. Repeat the rolling process described in Section 6.3.1 or 6.3.2 until the soil can no longer be rolled into a thread and begins to crumble. Reform the soil into an ellipsoidal mass after each rolling of the thread to a 3-mm diameter. The crumbling may occur when the thread has a diameter greater than 3mm.This is considered a satisfactory end point, provided the solid has been previously rolled into a thread 3mm diameter  (Note 6). Do not attempt to produce failure at an exact 3-mm diameter by allowing the thread to reach 3 mm, then reducing the rate of rolling or the hand pressure, or both, and continuing the rolling without further deformation until the thread falls apart (Note 7)

Note 6— the crumbling will manifest itself differently with various types of soil. Some soils fall apart in numerous small aggregations of particles; others may form an outside tubular layer that start splitting at both ends. The splitting may progress toward the middle, and the thread may finally fall apart in many small platy particles. Heavy clay soils require much pressure to deform the thread, particularly as they approach the plastic limit. These types of soil may break into a series of barrel-shaped segments each about 6 to 9mm in length

 

Note 7— for feebly plastic soils, it may be necessary to reduce the total amount of deformation by making the initial diameter of the ellipsoidal-shaped mass nearer to the required 3-mm final diameter.

 

6.5          Gather the portions of the crumbled soil together and place in the moisture content container.  Immediately cover the container with a close-fitting lid to prevent additional loss of moisture.

 

6.6          Repeat the operations described in Section 6.3 through 6.5 until the entire 10-g specimen is tested. Place all of the crumbled portions into the same moisture content container.

 

6.7          Determine the moisture content of the soil in the container in accordance with T 265, and record the result.

 

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